McDonnell Douglas MD-11F

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The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American trijet wide-body airliner manufactured by manufacturer McDonnell Douglas (MDC) and later by Boeing.

MD-11

MD-11 of KLM, its last passenger operator, in 2008
General information
Type
Wide-body jet airliner
National origin
United States
Manufacturer
McDonnell Douglas (1988–97)
Boeing Commercial Airplanes (1997–2000)
Status
In cargo service
Primary users
FedEx Express
UPS Airlines
Western Global Airlines
Lufthansa Cargo (historical)[1]
Number built
200
History
Manufactured
1988–2000[2]
Introduction date
December 20, 1990 with Finnair
First flight
January 10, 1990
Retired
October 26, 2014 (passenger service)[3]
Developed from
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
Following DC-10 development studies, the MD-11 program was launched on December 30, 1986.[4] Assembly of the first prototype began on March 9, 1988. Its maiden flight occurred on January 10, 1990, and it achieved Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification on November 8. The first delivery was to Finnair on December 7 and it entered service on December 20, 1990.
It retains the basic trijet configuration of the DC-10 with updated General Electric CF6-80C2 or Pratt & Whitney PW4000 turbofan engines. Its wingspan is slightly larger than the DC-10 and it has winglets. Its maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is increased by 14% to 630,500 lb (286 t). Its fuselage is stretched by 11% to 202 ft (61.6 m) to accommodate 298 passengers in three classes over a range of up to 7,130 nautical miles [nmi] (13,200 km; 8,210 mi). It features a glass cockpit that eliminates the need for a flight engineer.
Originally positioned as a longer-range alternative to rival twinjets, the existing Boeing 767 and the upcoming Boeing 777 and Airbus A330, the MD-11 initially failed to meet its range and fuel burn targets, which impacted its sales despite a performance improvement program. McDonnell Douglas's finance struggles prevented further development of the MD-11 before it was acquired by Boeing in 1997; the unified company decided to terminate the MD-11 program after filling outstanding orders due to internal competition from Boeing's own 767 and 777. Only 200 examples were built, of which roughly a quarter were freight aircraft, and production concluded in October 2000. In November 2014, it was officially retired from passenger service, last flown by KLM. Many of the MD-11 passenger fleet were converted to freighter specification, with many remaining in service as of 2025.