STOL aircraft are designed to take off and land on shorter runways than conventional planes. They achieve this by using specialised features that maximise lift at low speeds and increase drag for rapid deceleration. This allows them to operate in remote areas with limited or unimproved airstrips.

Features that maximise lift:
- High-lift wing design: Large wings with aerodynamic devices increase lift at slow speeds.
- Leading-edge slats: Movable panels on the wing’s front edge create a slot that forces air over the wing’s top surface, allowing higher angles of attack without stalling.
- Flaps: Large, full-span flaps extend downward and backward, increasing the wing’s surface area and curvature for more lift.
- Prop wash: Some STOL aircraft use the airflow from the propeller over the wings and tail for additional lift and control at low speeds.
- Vortex generators: Small, fin-like devices on the wing’s surface prevent airflow separation, improving lift and control.

Features that maximise performance:
- High power-to-weight ratio: Powerful engines relative to the aircraft’s weight accelerate quickly and climb steeply, reducing ground roll for takeoff and helping to clear obstacles after lifting off.
Lightweight construction reduces the aircraft’s weight, decreasing takeoff and landing distances and improving its power-to-weight ratio. STOL aircraft also have strong braking mechanisms, rugged landing gear, and large, low-pressure tires for rough surfaces. Large flaps, spoilers, and thrust reversers help decelerate quickly after touchdown.